NATIONS OF THE OLD WORLD ************** * EUROPE- * ************** Albania ------- Albanoi [ancient Illyrian tribe] Andorra ------- (old buffer state; see FRANCE and SPAIN) 800s Austria ------- Franks (approx.) A.D. 955 Belarus ------- *east Slavs (assimilated with Baltic nomads, and later Vikings) 700 - 900 Belgium ------- Belgium occupied part of the Roman province of Belgica, named after the Belgae, a people of ancient Gaul. The area was conquered by Julius Caesar in 57–50 B.C., then was overrun by the Franks in the 5th century A.D. It was part of Charlemagne's empire in the 8th century, then in the next century was absorbed into Lotharingia and later into the duchy of Lower Lorraine. In the 12th century it was partitioned into the duchies of Brabant and Luxembourg, the bishopric of Ličge, and the domain of the count of Hainaut, which included Flanders. In the 16th century, Belgium, with most of the area of the low countries, passed to the duchy of Burgundy and was inherited by Charles V, who incorporated it into his Holy Roman Empire. Then, in 1555, the low countries were united with Spain. By the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, the country's sovereignty passed to Austria. During the wars that followed the French Revolution, Belgium was occupied and later annexed to France. But with the downfall of Napoléon, the Congress of Vienna in 1815 gave the country to the Netherlands. The Belgians revolted in 1830 and declared their independence. Fleming (Dutch Belgian) 58% Walloon (French Belgian) 31% Bosnia and Herzegovina ---------------------- Slavs (800s); Islamic influence by Ottoman Turks in 1463 Bulgaria -------- A.D. 681 - political independence (Bulgars ?) Croatia ------- Croats [Slavic people] in 700s Czech Republic -------------- Czechs (A.D. 600) Denmark ------- Vikings (1000s - 1200s); united with ENGLAND for 30 years during the 12th Century Estonia ------- Estonians are one of the longest settled European peoples, whose forebears, known as the "comb pottery" people, lived on the southeastern shores of the Baltic Sea for several millenia B.C. Estonian government remained decentralized, with local political and administrative subdivisions emerging only during the first century [1-100] A.D. By then, Estonia had a population of over 150,000 people and remained the last corner of medieval Europe to be Christianized. In 1193 Pope Celestine III called for crusade against pagans in Northern Europe. The German crusaders established the stronghold of Riga in modern Latvia and started to raid Estonia with the help of Latvian tribes, traditional Estonian adversaries. Estonian tribes fiercely resisted the attacks from Riga and occasionally themselves sacked crusader territories. In 1217 Germans and newly converted Latvians won a major battle in which Estonian commander Lembitu was killed. North Estonia was conquered by Danish crusaders led by king Waldemar II who arrived in 1219 on the site of Tallinn. In 1227 the German crusading order of the Sword Brethren defeated the last Estonian stronghold. Finland ------- Finns [possibly west-central Siberia; Finno-Ugric language (slightly related to Estonian) ] Sámi (Lapps) Georgia [Sakartvelo] ------- The Georgian regions became known as Kolkheti in the western coastal plain, and Iberia in the mountainous east, prior to its becoming a unified client state of the Roman Empire in 66 B.C. after the campaigns of Pompey. Georgia became a kingdom about 4 B.C. and was one of the first states in the world to convert to Christianity in A.D. 317, when King of Iberia Marian II established it as the official state religion. Georgian 70.1% Armenian 8.1% Russian 6.3% Azeri 5.7% Ossetian 3.0% Abkhaz 1.8% Germany [Deutschland] ------- "One of the most significant battles of the Roman period was the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest (A.D. 9) in which Germanic tribes led by Arminius of the Cherusci ambushed and wiped out three Roman Legions. After that, the Romans never again seriously tried to expand their empire east of the Rhine. Following a century and a half of growing pressure on the Roman frontier, the tribes (Vandals, Burgundians, Alans and Suevi) along the Rhine crossed the river in A.D. 407, subsequently establishing Germanic kingdoms in parts of modern-day France and Spain. The Salian Franks of the lower Rhine subsequently in A.D. 486 ended Roman rule in northern France, establishing the nucleus of the future French kingdom. " Greece [Hellas] ------ 1200 B.C. - Achaean kingdoms collapse [Mycenaeans] 600s - 500s B.C. - rise of Greek city-states 478 - 432 B.C. - Athens and the Delian League Hungary [Magyarorszag] ------- Magyars (nomadic people; from the Eurasian plains until the 800s) Iceland ------- mostly of Norse origin (late 800s and early 900s) Ireland [Éire] ------- Celts (300s B.C.) Patrick (A.D. 432 or 462) Italy ------- Greeks [southern tip] 700s - 600s B.C. Etruscans, Romans; others [central and north] " " Roman Republic 264 B.C. - 28 B.C. Roman Empire 27 B.C. - A.D. 476 Latvia ------ Kurland (Couronia) and Livland (Livonia) became modern Latvia [ 1558-1582 ] "During the Livonia Wars (1558-1582) the Livonia Confederation was dissolved. The southwest part of Estonia and northeast part of Latvia was ceded to Poland and there was formed the Duchy of Livonia (Pardaugavas hercogiste). The part of Latvia west of Daugava River to Baltic Sea formed up another new region, the Duchy of Courland and Semigalia." Liechtenstein ------------- "Prince Johann Adam of Liechtenstein bought the domain of Schellenberg in 1699 and the county of Vaduz in 1712." see GERMANY Lithuania --------- "The first Lithuanians, or Liths, were a branch of an ancient group known as the Balts, whose members also included the original Prussian and Latvian people." (approx. A.D. 1008) Luxembourg ---------- "The language of Luxembourg is Luxembourgish, a blend of old Germanic and Frankish elements." "June 9, 1815, after 400 years of domination by various European nations, Luxembourg was made a grand duchy by the Congress of Vienna." Macedonia --------- "In the 7th century (600s) B.C. , the kingdom of Macedon emerged in what is now the Greek part of Macedonia and the neighbouring Bitola district in the south of today's modern political Macedonia. Under its kings Philip II of Macedon and his son Alexander the Great, Macedon extended its power in the 4th century (300s) B.C. over not only Greece but also the Persian Empire, including Egypt and lands as far east as the fringes of India." "Alexander's conquests produced a lasting extension of Greek culture and thought, but his empire broke up on his death, and Macedonian independence came to an end with defeat at the hands of the rising power of Rome (197 and 168 B.C.), the second of which resulted in the deposition of the Macedonian dynasty, and annexation to Rome (146 B.C.)." "Much of the modern Slavic identity of Macedonia emerged in the 1800s. After the revival of Greek, Serbian and Bulgarian statehood in the 19th century, Macedonia became a focus of the national ambitions of all three governments, leading to the creation in the 1890s and 1900s of rival armed groups who divided their efforts between fighting the Ottoman Turks and one another." Malta ----- Maltese (dominated by Phoenicians, 700s B.C.; they called the island Malat) "It is during this period that Paul the Apostle, one of the most prominent figures of Christianity, was shipwrecked on the island on his way to Rome. This event was described in the Bible, Acts 28:1-11 ." (around A.D. 65) Moldova ------- ethnic Rumenians; "Moldavia was a principality of Romania since the middle ages." see ROMANIA Monaco ------ Grimaldi family principality; see FRANCE and ITALY François Grimaldi of Monaco (1297 to 1301) was one of the earliest Monegasque [Monacan] monarchs. In 1331, Charles I reconquered the Rock and is often considered to be the true founder of the Principality. There is a Monegasque language Netherlands ----------- "The northern part of the Netherlands, outside the Roman Empire, where the Frisians lived (and still do), was also heavily influenced by its strong southern neighbor." (1st century B.C.) Frisians: "Pliny (a Roman) states that, in Belgica, the Frisians were conquered by the Roman general Drusus in 12 B.C." Norway ------ "Famous in the Middle Ages for its fearless warriors, explorers and traders, the Vikings, who controlled most of Scandinavia, Iceland, Greenland and parts of France, Britain, and Ireland between A.D. 800 and A.D. 1100, and were also known to travel as far as Constantinople, Greece, Northern Africa and Newfoundland. A number of small Norwegian communities were gradually organized into larger regions in the 9th century, and around the year 900, King Harald Fairhair (Harald Hĺrfagre) unified the realm and became its first supreme ruler." Norwegians Sámi (Lapps) Poland ------ Poles (Polish) "Traditional histories of Poland written at later times begin with the Polanen tribe ruled by Duke Mieszko I. His country would generations later become Poland, but there was no such thing as a Polish nation at that time, only a mostly unrelated assortment of Slavic tribes speaking different dialects. The southern tribes had probably more connection with their Czech neighbours than with Mieszko's Polanie tribe. The northern tribes (of todays Poland) spoke many different languages, such as Pomeranian, and had little to do with the Polanie. Some historians even question whether Mieszko was Slavic and suggest that he was Scandinavian. Mieszko became duke of the Polanen tribes around 962." Portugal -------- "In 1095, Portugal was an obscure border fief of the kingdom of Leon. Its territories, far from the centers of European civilization and consisting largely of mountain, moorland and forest, were bounded on the north by the Minho, on the south by the Mondego." "Its name (Portucelia, or Terra portucalensis) was derived from the little seaport of Portus Cale (or Vila Nova de Gaia), now a suburb of Oporto, at the mouth of the Douro. Its inhabitants, surrounded by Moorish or Spanish enemies and distracted by civil war, derived such rudiments of civilization as they possessed from Arabic or Leonese sources. But from these obscure beginnings Portugal rose in four centuries to be the greatest maritime, commercial and colonial power in Europe. " Romania ------- "The territory of today's Romania was inhabited in antiquity by the Dacians, a Thracian tribe. Eventually, a state emerged. The Dacian state sustained a series of conflicts with the expanding Roman Empire, and was finally conquered in 106 by the Roman emperor Trajan, during the reign of the Dacian king Decebalus. Roman conquest brought colonists, the Latin language - from which descended the Romanian language - and Christianity." "Faced by successive invasions of Germanic tribes, the Roman administration withdrew two centuries later [300s]. Multiple waves of invasion followed: such as the the Slavs in the 600s, the Magyars [Hungarians] in the 800s, and the Tatars in the 1200s. References to native political entities disappear during these "dark ages" until the 900s." Russia ------ "Between the 1st century A.D. and the 800s, Goths and nomadic Huns, Avars, and Magyars passed through the East European Plain in their migrations. Although some of them subjugated the Slavs in the region, those tribes left little of lasting importance. More significant in this period was the expansion of the Slavs, who were agriculturists and beekeepers as well as hunters, fishers, herders, and trappers. By the 500s, the Slavs were the dominant ethnic group on the East European Plain." " Kievan Rus' was the early Russian state dominated by the city of Kiev from about 860 to the middle of the 1100s. This state has been characterized as The Golden Age of Kiev." "According to the Primary Chronicle, the earliest chronicle of Kievan Rus', a Varangian (Viking) named Rurik first established himself in Novgorod, just south of modern-day St. Petersburg, in about 860 before moving south and extending his authority to Kiev. The chronicle cites Rurik as the progenitor of a dynasty that ruled in Eastern Europe until 1598. Another Varangian, Oleg, moved south from Novgorod to expel the Khazars from Kiev and founded Kievan Rus' about 880. During the next thirty-five years, Oleg subdued the various East Slavic tribes. In 907, he led a campaign against Constantinople, and in 911 he signed a commercial treaty with the Byzantine Empire as an equal partner. The new Kievan state prospered because it controlled the trade route from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea and because it had an abundant supply of furs, wax, honey, and slaves for export." "The region of Kiev dominated the state of Kievan Rus' for the next two centuries. The grand prince of Kiev controlled the lands around the city, and his theoretically subordinate relatives ruled in other cities and paid him tribute. The zenith of the state's power came during the reigns of Prince Vladimir (r. 978-1015) and Prince Yaroslav (the Wise; r. 1019-1054). To enhance their power, Vladimir married the sister of the Byzantine emperor. Yaroslav's granddaughter, his son Vsevolod I, Prince of Kiev's daughter Eupraxia, was married to Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor. Yaroslav arranged marriages for his sister and three daughters to the kings of Poland, France, Hungary, and Norway. Vladimir's greatest achievement was the Christianization of Kievan Rus', a process that began in 988." Ethnic Groups: (Europe and Asia) Russian 153,655,000 Tatar 5,549,809 Armenian 1,996,860 [est.] Chuvash 1,774,000 Bashkir 1,676,504 Chechen 1,300,736 (Europe) Abaza 34,800 Adyghe 125,000 Aghul 19,000 Akhvakh 5,000 (1975) Andi 10,000 Archi 859 (1975) Avar 556,041 Bagvalal 5,500 (1962) Bezhta 3,000 Botlikh 3,500 (1962) Chamalal 5,500 (1962) Dargwa 365,000 Dido 7,000 Domari 500,000 (1980) [all countries] Erzya 440,000 Finnish 77,000 Ghodoberi 3,000 Hinukh 200 Hunzib 2,000 Ingrian 12,500 [mean] Ingush 237,438 Judeo-Tat (Jewish) 7,000 Kabardian 443,000 Kalmyk-Oirat 174,000 Karachay-Balkar 242,342 (1979) Karata 6,000 Karelian 172,000 Khvarshi 1,800 (1962) Komi-Permyak 151,000 (1979) Komi-Zyrian 345,000 Kumyk 282,000 Lak 118,000 Lezgi 257,000 Livvi 140,000 [all countries] Ludian n/a Mari 670,000 (both Low Mari and High Mari) Moksha 428,333 (1970) Nogai 75,000 Rutul 20,000 /Sami/ 2,000 Tabassaran 98,000 Tindi 5,000 (1962) Tsakhur 7,000 Udmurt 734,214 Veps 13,500 [51 ethnic groups] See also: RUSSIA (Asia) San Marino ---------- San Marino was founded by Marinus (for whom the country is named) in A.D. 301. This tiny ancient European state, whose earliest statutes date back to 1263, was recognized by Napoleon in 1797 and by the Congress of Vienna in 1815. see also ITALY Yugoslavia [Serbia and Montenegro] ---------------------------------- Serb (62.6%) Albanian Montenegrin Slovakia -------- Slovaks "During the 400s (A.D.), Slavic tribes settle in the area of present-day Slovakia. The area was annexed by Hungary in the 900s A.D. Slovenia -------- Slovenes "Around 570, the Slavic tribes start to settle in the region between the Alps and the Adriatic Sea. From 623 to 658, the Slavic tribes between the upper Elbe River and the Karavanke mountain range were united in their first state under the leadership of King Samo. The tribal union collapsed after Samo's death, but a smaller Slavic state Karantania (Karantanija) (present-day Carinthia) persisted, with its center in the region of Carinthia (most of it lies in the present Austria). Due to pressing danger of Avar tribes from the east, Carinthians accepted union with Bavarians in 745 and later recognized Frankish rule and accepted Christianity in the 8th century. The last Slavic state formation in the region, the principality of Prince Kocelj, lost its independence in 874. Slovene ethnic territory subsequently shrunk due to pressing of Germans from the west and the arrival of Hungarians in the Pannonian plain, and stabilized in the present form in the 15th century. " "In 1918, the Slovenes joined the Serbs and Croats in forming a new nation, renamed Yugoslavia in 1929." Spain [Espańa] ----- "After the fall of the Roman Empire around A.D. 476, Germanic tribes invaded the former empire and created successor-kingdoms to the Romans in various parts of Europe. The Iberian Peninsula was taken over by the Visigoths after 410. In 711, the expanding forces of Islam, founded in the 7th century by so-called prophet Muhammad, after dominating all the north of Africa, took advantage of a civil war in the Visigothic kingdoms in Iberia, jumped the Strait of Gibraltar, and by 718 dominated most of the peninsula. The Moorish advance into Europe was stopped at Poitiers (France) in 732 by Charles Martel." "By the mid-13th century, Granada was the only independent muslim realm in Spain, and the 13th and the 15th centuries were spent in internal strife among the Christian kingdoms. The idea of the reconquest as a crusade and the need for religious purity in Spain was probably introduced by the "catholic monarchs" (Reyes Católicos in Spanish) Isabella of Castille and Ferdinand of Aragon in order to justify their invasion of Granada, the expulsion of the Jews and the forceful conversion of the Moors." "In the 15th century (1400s), the Kingdoms of Castille and Aragon united and the Muslims were expelled from the Iberian Peninsula. Aragon was at that time already an important maritime power in the Mediterranean, and Castille was in competition with Portugal for domination of the Atlantic Ocean." Other Spain ethnic groups: Basque (Euskal Herria) [see also FRANCE] Catalan [see also ANDORRA] Galician Sweden ------ "During the 9th and 10th century, the Viking culture flourished in Sweden, with trade, raiding and colonisation primarily going eastward, to the Baltic states, Russia and the Black Sea. " //Sámi// (Lapps) Switzerland [Schweiz; Suisse; Svizzera] ----------- "Commonly known, the Swiss history basically started at the year 1291 with a contract, the so called Bundesbrief, between leaders of three regions called Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden. This contract was signed, as the legend tells, at a place called Rütli in todays central Switzerland." See also GERMANY; FRANCE; ITALY Ukraine ------- "In the 11th century, Kyivan Rus' was, geographically, the largest state in Europe. During this time, Ukraine became known in the rest of Europe as Ruthenia (the Latin name for Rus', especially after the separation of Russia from 'Rus' propria'). In addition, the name "Ukraine" first appears in recorded history on maps of the period." "Although Christianity had made inroads into Ukraine before the first ecumenical council, the Council of Nicea (particularly along the Black Sea coast) and, in Western Ukraine during the time of empire of Great Moravia, the formal governmental acceptance of Christianity in Ukraine occurred at the Baptism of Kiev in 988." United Kingdom -------------- [Political union of the kingdoms of ENGLAND, SCOTLAND, WALES (as well as Ulster in northern Ireland) ] ENGLAND - "The Roman invasion of Britain in 55 B.C. and most of Britain's subsequent incorporation into the Roman Empire stimulated development and brought more active contacts with the rest of Europe. As Rome's strength declined, the country again was exposed to invasion--including the pivotal incursions of the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes in the fifth and sixth centuries A.D. (400s and 500s)--up to the Norman conquest in 1066." "Both Wales and Scotland were independent kingdoms that resisted English rule. The English conquest of Wales succeeded in 1282 under Edward I, and the Statute of Rhuddlan established English rule 2 years later. To appease the Welsh, Edward's son (later Edward II), who had been born in Wales, was made Prince of Wales in 1301. The tradition of bestowing this title on the eldest son of the British Monarch continues today. An act of 1536 completed the political and administrative union of England and Wales." "While maintaining separate parliaments, England and Scotland were ruled under one crown beginning in 1603, when James VI of Scotland succeeded his cousin Elizabeth I as James I of England. In the ensuing 100 years, strong religious and political differences divided the kingdoms. Finally, in 1707, England and Scotland were unified as Great Britain, sharing a single Parliament at Westminster." SCOTLAND - "The first Celts came to Scotland about 500 B.C. and were a Brythonic type, which is to say they were closely related to the Celts of Brittany, and somewhat less related to those of Ireland. The language and culture of the original peoples of Scotland soon disappeared, and only remains in a few very old place names." "Written history finally reached Scotland during Roman times. After a series of military successes in the south, forces led by Gnaeus Julius Agricola entered Scotland in A.D. 79. Resistance by the local population of Caledonians was fierce, and the Romans were unable to pacify the entire country. A series of invasions failed to remedy this lack, and in A.D. 121, the Roman emperor Hadrian fixed the border on a line running from the River Tyne to the Solway Firth. Twenty years later the Roman governor Lollius Urbicus built the Antonine Wall (so-named after the Roman emperor at the time, Antoninus Pius) further north, across the Forth-Clyde isthmus. At half the length of Hadrian's Wall, this border was considerably shorter and more easily defended." "In the wake of the Roman withdrawal, Scotland's population could be divided into four main ethnic groups. The Picts were a Brythonic Celtic people of uncertain origin that occupied most of Scotland, north of the Firth of Clyde and the Firth of Forth which was known as Pictavia; the Anglo-Saxons held territory from the Firth of Forth down to the southern border of Northumbria; the Britons were a Roman-influenced native culture with territory from southwest of the Firth of Clyde to the south of Cumbria; and the Scotti were recent Gaelic immigrants from Ireland living in the Western isles and on the west coast in the Kingdom of Dalriada. Christianity was re-introduced, after initial failure, into Pictish Scotland by the Scotti, gradually pushing out worship of the older Celtic false gods. The most famous evangelist of that period is Columba, who came to Scotland in 563." WALES - "The earliest inhabitants of Wales were Celts from continental Europe, who migrated in several waves. Up to and during the Roman occupation of Britain, Wales was not a separate country, but all inhabitants of the British Isles spoke Celtic languages and were essentially of the same ethnic origin." "When Rome withdrew its rule from Britain in A.D. 410, Wales was left self-governing. One of the reasons for the Roman withdrawal was the pressure put upon the empire's military resources by the incursion of barbarian tribes from the east. These tribes, including the Angles and Saxons, were unable to make inroads into Wales, but they gradually occupied the whole of England, leaving Wales cut off from her Celtic relations in Scotland. Wales remained Christian, and the "age of the saints" (approximately 500-700 AD) was marked by the establishment of monastic settlements throughout the country, by religious leaders such as David, Illtud and Teilo." [end of UNITED KINGDOM] Romani ("Gypsy", not preferred term) populations (1997 est.) ------ Albania 10,000 - 120,000 Belarus 10,000 - 15,000 Bosnia-Herzegovina 35,000 - 80,000 Bulgaria 500,000 - 800,000 Croatia 18,000 - 300,000 Czech Republic 150,000 - 300,000 Estonia 1,000 - 1,500 Hungary 550,000 - 800,000 Latvia 2,000 - 3,500 Lithuania 3,000 - 4,000 Macedonia 110,000 - 260,000 Maldovia 20,000 - 25,000 Poland 15,000 - 50,000 Romania 1,410,000 - 2,500,000 Slovakia 458,000 - 520,000 Slovenia 7,000 - 10,000 Ukraine 50,000 - 60,000 Yugoslavia [Serbia + Montenegro] 400,000 - 600,000 *********** * AFRICA- * *********** Algeria ------- Arab and Berber [nomads] Angola ------ Ovimbundu Kimbundu Bakongo Benin ----- [56 ethnic groups total] Adja //Anufo// Ayizo (Aizo) Bargu Bariba (Baatonu) Basila [village] Bouko (Boko) [Busawa] Burba (Boulba) ("Somba" as generic name for several peoples) Cabrai (Cabe; Kabiye) Dendi Ditamari (Ditammari) ("Somba" as generic name for several peoples) Dompago Dyerma Fon Foodo //Fula// (Fulani) Gourmantche (Gourma) Guin (Gun-Gbe; Alada) Ibo //Ica// Idaca Igara Igbirra //Kotokoli// (Tem) //Mahi// Mande Mina Monkole (Mokole) Mossi Nateni (Natemba; Natembar) Niendi (Mbelime) Nupe Ouinzi-ouingi (ouinzi-ouingi) Peul Popo Sahoue Saxwe Seto Swle-Gbe Temba Tofin Toli Urhobo //Waama// (Yoabu) Waci Xweda Xwela Yoba //Yoruba// [Anago and Nago] [current count: 51] Botswana -------- Batswana (95%) Kalanga Basarwa Kgalagadi Burkina Faso ------------ Mossi Gurunsi Senufo Lobi Bobo Mande Fulani Burundi ------- Hutu (Bantu) Tutsi (Hamitic) Twa (Pygmy) Cameroon -------- Cameroon Highlanders Equatorial Bantu Kirdi //Fulani// Northwestern Bantu Eastern Nigritic Cape Verde ---------- Creole (Cape Verde mulatto) (71%) [mixed African] (28%) Central African Republic ------------------------ [over 80 ethnic groups] Banda (27) Baya (34) Mandjia (21) M'Baka (4) Mbimu (4) Sava (10) [66 ethnic groups] [Bantu groups] Babinga Banda Baniri Bizao Buraka Lissongo Ndle Sande Sango Sara Yakoma Chad ---- [more than 200 ethnic groups] Muslims, commonly referred to as "northerners" or "gorane" : Arabs Toubou Hadjerai Fulbe Kotoko Kanembou Baguirmi Boulala Zaghawa Maba Non-Muslims, commonly referred to as "southerners" : //Sara// Ngambaye Mbaye Goulaye Moundang Moussei Massa Comoros ------- Antalote Cafre Makoa Oimatsaha Sakalava Congo, Democratic Republic of the --------------------------------- [more than 250 ethnic groups] Mongo Luba Kongo (all Bantu) ; Mangbetu-Azande (Hamitic) Congo, Republic of ------------------ //Kongo// Sangha M'Bochi Teke Cote d'Ivoire ------------- [more than 60 ethnic groups] Baoule Bete Senoufou Malinke Agni Djibouti -------- Somalis (predominantly of the Issa tribe, with minority Issak and Gadaboursi tribe representation) Afars [Danakils] Equatorial Guinea ----------------- Bioko (primarily Bubi, some Fernandinos) Rio Muni (primarily Fang) Eritrea ------- [9 ethnic groups total] Tigrinya Tigre Kunama Afar Saho (Red Sea coast dwellers) Ethiopia -------- [over 80 ethnic groups] Oromo Amhara //Tigre// Sidamo Shankella //Somali// //Afar// Gurage Gabon ----- Fang Eshira Bapounou Bateke [all Bantu tribes] The Gambia ---------- Mandinka Fula Wolof Jola Serahuli Ghana ----- Akan Moshi-Dagomba Ewe Ga Guinea ------ Peuhl (Foula or Foulani) Malinke (Mandingo) Soussous Gerzé Toma Guinea-Bissau ------------- Balanta //Fula// Manjaca //Mandinga// Papel Kenya ----- Kikuyu Luhya Luo Kalenjin Kamba Kisii Meru Lesotho ------- Sotho Liberia ------- Kpelle Bassa Gio Kru Grebo Mano Krahn Gola Gbandi Loma Kissi Vai Bella Americo-Liberian Congo People [Caribbean slave descendants] Libya ----- Arab //Berber// Madagascar ---------- Merina Betsileo Cotiers (mixed African, Malayo-Indonesian, and Arab ancestry - Betsimisaraka, Tsimihety, Antaisaka, Sakalava) Malagasy Creole Malawi ------ Chewa Nyanja Tumbuko Yao Lomwe Sena Tonga Ngoni Ngonde Mali ---- Mande (Bambara, Malinke, Soninke) Peul Voltaic Songhai Malian Tuareg Malian Moor Mauritania ---------- Maur Mauritius --------- Indo-Mauritian Mauritian Creole Sino-Mauritian Franco-Mauritian Morocco ------- Arab-Berber (assimilated) Mozambique ---------- Shangaan Chokwe Manyika Sena Makua Namibia ------- Ovambo Kavangos Herero Damara Nama Caprivian Bushmen (San) Baster Tswana Niger ----- //Hausa// Djerma //Fula// //Tuareg// Beri Beri (Kanouri) Arab Toubou //Gourmantche// Nigeria ------- [over 250 ethnic groups] Aba Ache Acipawa Afikpo Agatu Agere Agu Akimba [Tsikimba language speakers] Akoko Akure Akurumi [Kurama (Tukurami) language speakers] Ajanji [Janji (Tijanji) language speakers] Amap Ambandi [Piya-Kwonci language speakers] Anabeze Anaguta (Naragutawa) Anemoro [Lemoro (Emoro) language speakers] Anyar Anyima Aphan (Afan) Apoi Arogbo Arya [Pongu language speakers] Asanga [Sanga (Isanga) language speakers] Ashingini [Tsishingini language speakers] Avadi [Tsuvadi language speakers] Ayigha [Leyigha language speakers] Bacama Bambuka Bandawa (Banda) BaReshe [Reshe (Tsureshe) language speakers] Bassa Bende Berom Bile Bini Bisă Bolewa (Bolawa) Botsu Bura-Pabir (Bura) Boghom (Bogghom) Buji Bussawa Bwatiye Chamba (Samba, Chamba-Bali, Samba-Bali) [Nyong language speakers] Chawai Chip Cokobawa (Ndazora) [Izora language speakers] Daba Degema Dijim-Bwilim Duhwa Dukawa Edo Efik/Ibibio Ekiti Ekoi Epie-Atissa Esan Etsako Fali Fier Fiterya //Fulani// (Fulfulde) Ganagana (Ganagawa) Gashish Gbari Goemai Gude Gwamfawa //Hausa// Higgi Humiyan Ibaali Ichen Idoani [Iyayu language speakers] Idoma Igala Igbo (Ibo) Iiaje Ijaw (Ejaw) Ijo Ikale Irigwe Isetkuri (Itsekiri) Isoko Isuikwuato Izon Jalabe (Jaabe) [both are Dijim-Bwilim language terms] Jarawa (Afizarek, Afizere, Afudelek, Fizere, Feserek, Fezere, Jarawan Dutse) [Izere lang. speakers] Jenjo Jijili Jukun Kabawa Kaka Kambu Kanakure Kantana Kanuri Karimjo Kerang (Karang) [Ngas language speakers] Kilba Kodei Koro (of Shakoyi) Koro Agwe Koro Funtu Koro Makama Koro Myamya Kulere Kulung [4 clans] Kunini Kutep (Kuteb) Kwa Kwagalak Kwaami (Kwanchi) Kyenga Lau Habe Lela Libo Lipkawa (Burkunawa) [Mburku language speakers] Loo (Lo) [7 clans] Longuda Mak [6 clans] Mambilla (Mambila) Marghi (Margi) Mbula-Bwazza Meryang Mfumte Miamia Miamiya Migili [Ligili language speakers] Montol Mumuye Munga Mushere Mwaghavul Ndir [Iyive language speakers] Ndorro Nembe Niten Nnerigwe (Miyango) Nupe Obolo Obonoma (Ekomburu) Odegnu [Ikwere language speakers] Ogbia Ondo Onitsha Osu Owo Panso Pelang Pero Piapung Piya Purra [17 Bena-speaking clans] Putai Pyem Ron-Kulere Ruke Rukuba Shomo Sorogo Taroh (Tarok ?) Teda [Tedaga language speakers] Tigun Tiv Ujijili Urhobo Verre Widala [Mághdě language speakers] Wurawa Wurkum Yandang //Yoruba// Youm Yungur Zo [count: 174] Rwanda ------ [basically same as BURUNDI] Sao Tome and Principe --------------------- Mestico Angolares (descendants of Angolan slaves) Forros (descendants of freed slaves) Servicais (contract laborers from Angola, Mozambique, and Cape Verde) Tongas (children of servicais born on the islands) Senegal ------- //Wolof// Pular Serer //Jola// //Mandinka// //Soninke// Seychelles ---------- Seychellois (mixture of Asians, Africans, and Europeans) Sierra Leone ------------ Temne Mende Sierra Leonean Creole Somalia ------- Somali [tribes] -Digil -Rahanwiin -Gosha -Jiddu -Tunni -Oromo Bantu Arabs South Africa ------------ Afrikaner [English] South African Ndebele Northern Sotho Sotho Swazi Tsonga //Tswana// Venda Xhosa Zulu Sudan ----- ["black"] Nubian Ta Bedawie Nilotic Nilo-Hamitic [all language groups] Arab Beja Swaziland --------- //Swazi// Tanzania -------- [over 130 tribes] Aramanik Asu Baraguyu; Kisonko Bemba Bena Bende Bondei Bungu Burunge Chagga Chahi, Ginyamunyinganyi Chasi Datooga Dhaiso Digo Doe Fipa Ganda Gogo Gorowa Gweno Ha Hangaza Hatsa Haya Hehe Holoholo Ikizu Ikoma Iraqw Isanzu Jiji Jita Kachchi Kagulu Kahe Kami Kara Kerebe Kimbu Kinga Kisankasa Kisi Konongo Kuria Kutu Kw'adza Kwavi Kwaya Kwere Lambya Langi Luo Maasai Machinga Makhuwa-Metto Makonde Malila Mambwe-Lungu Manda Matengo Matumbi Maviha Mbugu Mbugwe Mbunga Mediak Mosi Mosiro Mpoto Mwanga Mwera Nadali Ndamba Ndendeule Ndengereko Ndonde Ngasa Nghwele Ngindo Ngoni Ngulu Ngurimi Nilamba Nkwifiya Nyakyusa-Ngonde Nyambo Nyamwezi Nyanja Nyanyembe Nyaturu Nyiha Pangwa Pimbwe Pogolo Rufiji Ruguru Rundi Rungi Rungwa Rusha Rwa Rwanda Safwa Sagala Sandawe Sangu Shambala Shubi Sizaki Suba Sukuma Sumbwa Taveta Temi Tongwe Tumbuka Vidunda Vinza Wanda Wanjii Ware Yantili Yao (Chiyao) Zalamo Zanaki Zigula Zinza Zyoba [current count: 129] Togo ---- [37 tribes] Adan Agotime Ahoulan Akposo Akebou Anufo Bassar Bedere Bigulimanceba (Gourma) Bikpakpaln Bijobe Busansi Dagbani //Ewe// Fulani Gando Gangam Gbe Ghen Gurunsi //Hausa// Ica Igo Kabre Kabye Konkomba Kotokoli Lamba (Lama) Mahi Mina Mampruli Moba Moose (Moaaga) Ntrubo Tamberma Waama Yoruba [current count = 37] Tunisia ------- Arab Uganda ------ Baganda Karamojong Basogo Iteso //Langi// //Rwanda// Bagisu Acholi Lugbara Bunyoro Batobo "other" (23%) Zambia ------ Ambo Aushi Bemba Bisa Bwile Chewa (Nyanja) Chikunda Chishinga Chokwe Fungwe Fwe Goba(Korekore) Ila Imilangu Inamwanga (Namwanga) Iwa Kabende Kosa Kunda Kwandi Kwandu Kwanga Lala Lamba Lambya Lenje (Lenge) Leya Lima Liyuwa Lozi Luano Luchazi Lukolwe (Mbwela) Lumbu Lunda Lundwe Lungu Lushangi Luunda Luvale (Lubale, Lovale) Makoma Mambwe Mashasha Mashi Mbowe Mbukushu Mbumi Mbunda Mukulu Mulonga Mwenyi Ndembu Ng'umbo Ngoni (Magodi, Mpezeni, //Nyanja//) Nkoya Nsenga Nyengo Nyika Sala Senga Shanjo Shila Shona Simaa Soli Subiya Swaka Tabwa Tambo Toka //Tonga// Totela Tumbuka Twa (Bangweulu, Lukanga, Kafue) Unga Wandya Yombe [77 ethnic groups] Zimbabwe -------- Shona Ndebele "other" (11%) ******************************************************* * ASIA (Middle East, Central Eurasia, and Near East)- * ******************************************************* Afghanistan ------------ Pashtun Tajik Uzbek Hazara Aimaks Turkmen Baloch [other ethnic groups] Armenia ------- [originally part of the Kingdom of Urartu (or Van) ] 800 B.C. Azerbaijan ---------- Azeri Dagestani Russian [Slavic] Armenian Bahrain ------- Arab "Asian" [possibly Urdu] //Iranian// [modern Persian] Cyprus ------ Greek Cypriot Turkish Cypriot Egypt ----- Eastern Hamitic stock: Egyptian Arab Bedouin Berber Iran ---- Persian Azeri Gilaki Mazandarani Kurd Arab Lur Baloch Turkmen Iraq ---- Arab //Kurd// Assyrian //Armenian// Israel ------ Jewish [Hebrew] (most Jewish persons are difficult to distinguish from Europeans/Euro-Americans except in terms of religion) Palestinian Arab Jordan ------ Arab (98%) Circassian //Armenian// Kazakhstan ---------- Kazakh (Qazaq) Russian [Slavic] Ukrainian [Slavic] German (see GERMANY) //Uzbek// Tatar Kuwait ------ Arab (80%) "South Asian" [see INDIA] //Iranian// Kyrgyzstan ---------- Kirghiz Russian [Slavic] //Uzbek// Ukrainian [Slavic] German (see GERMANY) Lebanon ------- Arab //Armenian// Oman ---- Arab Baluchi [South Asian:] Indian [see INDIA] Pakistani [see PAKISTAN] Sri Lankan [see SRI LANKA] Bangladeshi [see BANGLADESH] Pakistan -------- Punjabi [see also INDIA] Sindhi //Pashtun// (Pathan) Baloch Muhajir Qatar ----- Arab "Pakistani" [see PAKISTAN] "Indian" [see INDIA] //Iranian// Russia (Asia) ------------- Altai 83,256 [includes Northern and Southern] [est.] Alutor 2,000 Buriat [Russia] 422,000 Chukot 15,000 Chulym n/a Dolgan 5,000 Enets 200 Even 12,800 (1979) Evenki 30,000 Gilyak 4,400 Itelmen 1,500 Karagas 600 (1959) Kerek 400 Ket 1,150 [mean] Khakas 80,000 Khanty 21,000 Koryak 7,000 Mansi 8,500 /Mongolian/ [Halh] 1,774 (1959) Nanai 11,877 Negidal 500 Nenets 27,000 Nganasan 1,300 Oroch 900 Orok 900 Selkup 300 Shor 16,000 Tuvin 206,000 Udihe 1,600 Ulch 3,200 Yakut 382,000 Yukaghir 1,230 Yupik 1,700 [33 ethnic groups] Saudi Arabia ------------ Arab Syria ----- Arab (90.3%) //Kurds// //Armenians// Tajikistan ---------- Tajik //Uzbek// Russian [Slavic] Turkey ------ Turkish //Kurd// Turkmenistan ------------ Turkmen //Uzbek// Russian [Slavic] //Kazakh// United Arab Emirates -------------------- Arab [Emirati and other Arab] Iranian (23%) "South Asian" Uzbekistan ---------- //Uzbek// (80%) Russian [Slavic] (5.5%) //Tajik// //Kazakh// Karakalpak //Tatar// Yemen ----- Arab ************************************** * ASIA (Far East and South Asia)- * ************************************** Bangladesh ---------- Bengali (98%) Bihari Bhutan ------ Nepali/Lhotshampa (46.79%) Sharchop (23.92%) Ngalung (Drukpa) (16.5%) Bumthangpa (4.4%) Kheng (3.65%) Kurteop (2.68%) Brokpa (0.5%) Tibetan (0.39%) Gongduk (0.26%) Lepcha (0.26%) Lhop/Doya (0.26%) Adivasis (0.13%) Monpa Brunei ------ Malay (62%) Chinese (15%) [see CHINA] "indigenous" (6%) Cambodia [Kampuchea] -------- Khmer (90%) Vietnamese Chinese [see CHINA] China, People's Republic of --------------------------- [Est. population: 1,273,111,290 ] Han (91.9%) Zhuang (0.012%) Manchu (0.008%) Hui (0.007%) Miao (0.006%) Uygur [Turkic people] (0.005%) Yi (0.005%) Mongolian [see MONGOLIA] (0.004%) Tibetan (0.004%) Buyi (0.002%) Korean [see KOREA, N. ; KOREA, S.] (0.0015%) East Timor ---------- Maubere Chinese [see CHINA] India ----- [Est. population: 1,014,003,817 ] Indo-Aryan (72%) (northern India) [majority are Hindi speakers] [speakers of Sanskrit (classical) ] [speakers of Pali, Prakrit, and *Apabhramsha] [speakers of Assamese] Assam [speakers of Bengali] West Bengal [see also BANGLADESH] [speakers of Gujarati] Gujarat [speakers of Hindi] Bihar, Chandigarh, Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh [speakers of Kashmiri] Jammu and Kashmir [see also PAKISTAN] [speakers of Konkani] Goa [speakers of Marathi] Maharashtra [speakers of Nepali] (Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal) [see also NEPAL] [speakers of Oriya] Orissa [speakers of Punjabi] Punjab [see also PAKISTAN] [speakers of Sindhi] (Gujarat, Maharashtra and Rajasthan) Dravidian (southern India) (25%) [speakers of Tamil] Tamil Nadu [speakers of Telugu] Andhra Pradesh [speakers of Kannada (Canarese)] Karnataka [speakers of Malayalam] Kerala Indonesia --------- Malay Chinese [see CHINA] [--Borneo (Kalimantan) ] Ahe Ampanang Aoheng Bahau Bakumpai Banjar Basap Bekati' Benyadu' Biatah Bolongan Bukar Sadong Bukat Bukitan Burusu Dayak, Land Djongkang Dohoi (Ot Danum subgroup) Dusun Deyah Dusun Malang Dusun Witu Embaloh (Maloh, Taman, Kalis subgroups) Hovongan Iban (Desa, Kantu' subgroups) Kahayan Katingan Kayan Mahakam Kayan, Busang (Kajang) (Sekapan, Kejaman, Lahanan, Punan Bah subgroups) Kayan, Kayan River Kayan, Mendalam Kayan, Wahau Kelabit (Lun Bawang, Merau, Milau, Nyibun, Potok subgroups) Kembayan Kendayan Keninjal Kenyah, Bahau River Kenyah, Bakung Kenyah, Kayan River Kenyah, Kelinyau Kenyah, Mahakam Kenyah, Upper Baram Kenyah, Wahau Kereho-Uheng Lara' Lawangan (Bawu) Lawangan (Bentian) Lawangan (Benua) Lawangan (Pasir) Lengilu Lundayeh Ma'anyan Malay, Berau Malay, Bukit Malay, Kota Bangun Kutai Malay, Tenggarong Kutai Malayic Dayak (Banana', Delang, Kayung, Mentebah-Suruk, Semitau, Suhaid, Tapitn subgroups) Modang Mualang Ngaju Nyadu Okolod Paku Punan Aput Punan Merah Punan Merap Punan Tubu Putoh Ribun Sa'ban Sajau Basap Sanggau Sara Seberuang Segai (Punan Kelai) Selako Selungai Murut Semandang Sembakung Murut Siang Singgie (Jagoi subgroup) Tagal Murut Taman Tausug (Bisaya) Tawoyan (Taboyan) Tidong Timugon Murut Tunjung [87 groups counted] [--Java ] [--Sulawesi (Celebes) ] [--Sumatra ] [--Maluku ] [--Nusa Tenggara ] [--Irian Jaya (West Papua) ] Abinomn Abun Aghu Airoran Ambai Anansi Ansus Anus Arandai Arguni As Asmat, Casuarina Coast Asmat, Central Asmat, North Asmat, Yaosakor Atohwaim Auye Awbono Awera Awyi Awyu, Miaro Awyu, Nohon Bagusa Baham Barapasi Bauzi Bayono Bedoanas Berik Betaf Biak Biksi Biritai Bonerif Bonggo Burate Burmeso Burumakok Buruwai Busami Citak Citak, Tamnim Dabe Damal (Amungme) Dani, Lower Grand Valley Dani, Mid Grand Valley Dani, Upper Grand Valley Dani, Western Dao Dem Demisa Demta Diuwe Doutai Dubu Duriankere Dusner Duvle Edopi Eipomek Ekari Elseng Emumu Eritai Erokwanas Fayu Foau Gresi Hatam Hupla Iau Iha Irarutu Iresim Isirawa Itik Iwur Jair Kaburi Kais Kaiy Kalabra Kamberataro Kamberau Kamoro Kanum, Bă Di Kanum, Ngkă Lmpw Kanum, Smă Rky Kanum, Sota Kapori Karas Karon Dori Kaure Kauwera Kawe Kayagar Kayupulau Keder Kehu Kemberano Kembra Kemtuik Ketengban Kimaama Kimki Kirikiri Kofei Kokoda Kombai Konda Koneraw Kopkaka Korowai Korowai, North Korupun-Sela Kosadle Kowiai Kuri Kurudu Kwer Kwerba Kwerba Mamberamo Kwerisa Kwesten Legenyem Lepki Liki Ma'ya Maden Mai Brat Mairasi Maklew Mander Mandobo Manem Manikion Marau Maremgi Marind Marind, Bian Marub Masimasi Massep Matbat Mawes Mekwei Meoswar Mer Meyah Mlap Moi Molof Mombum Momina Momuna Moni Mor [I] Mor [II] Moraid Morori Moskona Mpur Munggui Murkim Nafri Nakai Nalca Narau Ndom Nduga Ngalum Nggem Nimboran Ninggerum Nipsan Nisa Obokuitai Onin Ormu Orya Palamul Papasena Papuma Podena Pom Puragi Rasawa Riantana Roon Samarokena Saponi Sauri Sause Saweru Sawi Seget Sekar Semimi Sempan Senggi Sentani Serui-Laut Siagha-Yenimu Sikaritai Silimo Skou Sobei Sowanda Suabo Tabla Taikat Tamagario Tanahmerah Tandia Tarpia Tause Taworta Tefaro Tehit Tobati Tofanma Tokuni Towei Trimuris Tsakwambo Tunggare Una Uruangnirin Usku Wabo Waigeo Wakde Walak Wambon Wandamen Wano Warembori Wares Waris Waritai Warkay-Bipim Waropen Woi Wolani Woria Yafi Yahadian Yali, Kosarek Yali, Angguruk Yali, Ninia Yali, Pass Valley Yamna Yaqay Yarsun Yaur Yawa Yei Yelmek Yeretuar Yetfa Yoke Yongkom [264 groups] Japan [Nihon] ----- Japanese (99.4%) Korean (0.5%) Ainu [aboriginal Japanese] [Kurile and Sakhalin Islands] (0.0004%) Korea [North and South] ----- Korean Laos ---- Lao Loum (lowland) (68%) Lao Theung (upland) 22% Lao Soung (highland) [including the Hmong ("Meo") and the Yao (Mien) ] Malaysia -------- Malay and "other indigenous" (58%) Chinese (26%) [see CHINA] Indian (7%) [see INDIA] Maldives -------- "South Indian" [see INDIA] Sinhalese (Indo-Aryan; see INDIA) Arab Mongolia -------- Mongol (90%) //Kazakh// Myanmar (Burma) ------- Burman (68%) Shan Karen Rakhine Chinese [see CHINA] Mon Indian [see INDIA] Nepal ----- Newar Indian [see INDIA] Tibetan Gurung Magar Tamang Bhotia Rai Limbu Sherpa Philippines ----------- Malay (70%) Chinese [see CHINA] (10%) Aboriginal Filipino groups (6%) Indian (5%) [see INDIA] Arab (3%) Spanish-Filipino (Mestizo) (3%) Singapore --------- Chinese (77%) [see CHINA] Malay (14%) Indian (7.6%) [Dravidian -- Tamil ] [see INDIA] Sri Lanka --------- Sinhalese (74%) Tamil (18%) Moor Burgher Malay Vedda Taiwan (Republic of China) ------ Chinese (Taiwanese) (including Hakka) (84%) Chinese [mainland - probably Han] [see CHINA] (14%) aboriginal (2%) Thailand -------- Thai (75%) Chinese (14%) [see CHINA] Vietnam ------- Vietnamese (85% to 90%) Chinese (3%) [see CHINA] Muong Tai //Meo// //Khmer// Man Cham ******************************************** * AUSTRALIA and OCEANIA - * ******************************************** Australia --------- Australian [European-Australian] (92%) Australian [Asian-Australian] (7%) Aboriginal and other (1% ) "Australian" 13,629,685 71.84% British (all) 1,036,245 5.46% New Zealander 355,765 1.88% Italian 218,718 1.15% Vietnamese 154,831 0.82% Chinese (mainland) 142,780 0.75% Greek 116,431 0.61% German 108,220 0.57% Filipino peoples 103,942 0.55% "Australian" common ancestries: English 6,358,880 Irish 1,919,727 Italian 800,256 German 742,212 Scottish 540,046 Greek 375,703 Dutch 268,754 [2001 Australia census] [--Australian Aboriginal groups:] Airiman Ajabakan Ajabatha Alawa Alura Amangu Amarak Amijangal Anaiwan Andakerebina Ankamuti Anmatjera Antakirinja Araba Arabana Arakwal Aranda Arnga Atjinuri Awabakal Awarai Awinmul Baada Babulbabul Badjalang Badjiri Baiali Baijungu Bailgu Bakanambia Balardong Banbai Bandjin Barada Baranbinja Baraparapa Barara Barbaram Barimaia Barindji Barkindji Barna Barunggam Barungguan Batjala Beriguruk Bidawal Bidia Bigambul Bilingara Binbinga Bindal Bingongina Binigura Biria Birpai Bitjara Brabralung Braiakaulung Bratauolung Bugulmara Buluwai Bunganditj Bunurong Buruna Chera-kundi Daii (NT) Dainggati (NSW) Dalabon (NT) Dalla (QLD) Dangbon [NT] Danggali (SA) Dangu (NT) Darambal (QLD) Darkinjang (NSW) Daruk (NSW) Diakui (NT) Dieri (SA) Djaberadjabera (WA) Djagaraga (QLD) Djakunda (QLD) Djalakuru (NT) Djamindjung (NT) Djangu (NT) Djankun (QLD) Djaru (WA) Djauan (NT) Djaui (WA) Djerait (NT) Djerimanga (NT) Djilamatang (VIC) Djinang (NT) Djinba (NT) Djiringanj (NSW) Djiru (QLD) Djirubal (QLD) Djiwali (WA) Djowei (NT) Djugun (WA) Duduroa (VIC) Duulngari (WA) Duwal (NT) Duwala (NT) Eora (NSW) Erawirung (SA) Ewamin [QLD] Gaari [NT] Gadjalivia (NT) Gambalang (NT) Gandangara (NSW) Geawegal (NSW) Gia (QLD) Giabal (QLD) Goeng (QLD) Gulngai (QLD) Gunavidji (NT) Gunditjmara (VIC) Gungorogone (NT) Gunwinggu (NT) Idindji (QLD) Ilba (QLD) Ildawongga (WA) Iliaura (NT) Inawongga (WA) Indjibandi (WA) Indjilandji (NT) Inggarda (WA) Ingura (NT) Iningai (QLD) Irukandji (QLD) Ithu (QLD) Iwaidja (NT) Jaadwa (VIC) Jaako (NT) Jaara (VIC) Jaburara (WA) Jadira (WA) Jadliaura (SA) Jagalingu (QLD) Jagara (QLD) Jaitmathang (VIC) Jalanga (QLD) Jambina (QLD) Janda (QLD) Jandruwanta (SA) Jangaa (QLD) Jangga (QLD) Janggal (QLD) Jangkundjara (SA) Jangman (NT) Janjula (NT) Jarijari (VIC) Jarildekald (SA) Jaroinga (NT) Jarowair (QLD) Jathaikana (QLD) Jaudjibaia (WA) Jauraworka (SA) Jawuru (WA) Jeidji (WA) Jeithi (NSW) Jeljendi (SA) Jeteneru (QLD) Jetimarala (QLD) Jiegera (NSW) Jilngali (NT) Jiman (QLD) Jinigudira (WA) Jinwum (QLD) Jirandali (QLD) Jirjoront (QLD) Jitajita (NSW) Jokula (QLD) Jotijota (NSW) Juat (WA) Juipera (QLD) Jukambal (NSW) Jukambe (QLD) Jukul (NT) Julaolinja (QLD) Jumu (NT) Junggor (NT) Jungkurara (QLD) Jupagalk (VIC) Jupangati (QLD) Juru (QLD) Kabalbara (QLD) Kabikabi (QLD) Kadjerong (NT) Kaiabara (QLD) Kaiadilt (QLD) Kairi (QLD) Kaititja (NT) Kakadu (NT) Kalaako (WA) Kalali (QLD) Kalamaia (WA) Kalibal (NSW) Kalibamu (QLD) Kalkadunga (QLD) Kambure (WA) Kambuwal (QLD) Kamilaroi (NSW) Kamor (NT) Kandju (QLD) Kaneang (WA) Kangulu (QLD) Kanolu (QLD) Karadjari (WA) Karaman (NT) Karanguru (SA) Karanja (QLD) Karawa (NT) Kareldi (QLD) Karendala (QLD) Karenggapa (NSW) Kariara (WA) Karingbal (QLD) Kartudjara (WA) Karuwali (QLD) Katubanut (VIC) Kaurareg (QLD) Kaurna (SA) Kawadji (QLD) Kawambarai (NSW) Keiadjara (WA) Keinjan (QLD) Keramai (QLD) Kirrae (VIC) Kitabal (NSW) Kitja (WA) Koa (QLD) Koamu (QLD) Koara (WA) Koenpal (QLD) Koinjmal (QLD) Kokangol (QLD) Kokata (SA) Kokatja (WA) Koko- (QLD) Kokobididji (QLD) Kokobujundji (QLD) Kokoimudji (QLD) Kokojan (QLD) Kokojawa (QLD) Kokojelandji (QLD) Kokokulunggur (QLD) Kokomini (QLD) Kokonjekodi (QLD) Kokopatun (QLD) Kokopera (QLD) Kokowalandja (QLD) Kokowara (QLD) Kolakngat (VIC) Konejandi (WA) Kongabula (QLD) Kongkandji (QLD) Koreng (WA) Korenggoreng (QLD) Korindji (NT) Kotandji (NT) Krauatungalung (VIC) Kujani (SA) Kukatja (NT) [I] Kukatja (QLD) [II] Kula (NSW) Kulumali (QLD) Kumbainggiri (NSW) Kungadutji (QLD) Kungarakan (NT) Kunggara (QLD) Kunggari (QLD) Kungkalenja (QLD) Kunindiri (NT) Kunja (QLD) Kuruma (WA) Kureinji (NSW) Kurnai (VIC) Kurung (VIC) Kutjal (QLD) Kutjala (QLD) Kuungkari (QLD) Kwantari (QLD) Kwantari (QLD) Kwarandji (NT) Kwatkwat (VIC) Kwiambal (NSW) Laia (QLD) Lanima (QLD) Larakia (NT) Lardiil (QLD) Latjilatji (VIC) Lotiga (QLD) Madjandji (QLD) Madngela (NT) Madoitja (WA) Maduwongga (WA) Magatige (NT) Maia (WA) Maiawali (QLD) Maijabi (QLD) Maikudunu (QLD) Maikulan (QLD) Maithakari (QLD) Malantji (QLD) Malgana (WA) Malgaru (WA) Maljangapa (NSW) Malngin (WA) Mamu (QLD) Mandandanji (QLD) Mandara (WA) Mandi (WA) Mandjildjara (WA) Mandjindja (WA) Mangala (WA) Mangarai (NT) Mara (NT) Maranganji (QLD) Maraura (NSW) Marditjali (VIC) Mardudunera (WA) Mariamo (NT) Maridan (NT) Maridjabin (NT) Marijedi (NT) Marimanindji (NT) Maringar (NT) Marinunggo (NT) Marithiel (NT) Mariu (NT) Marrago (QLD) Marulta (QLD) Matuntara (NT) Maung (NT) Mbewum (QLD) Mbo:aru (WA) Meintangk (SA) Menthajangal (NT) Mian (QLD) Milpulo (NSW) Mimungkum (QLD) Minang (WA) Mingin (QLD) Minjambuta (VIC) Minjungbal (NSW) Miriwung (WA) Mirning (WA) Mitaka (QLD) Mitjamba (QLD) Miwa (WA) Morowari (NSW) Muluridji (QLD) Muragan (QLD) Murinbata (NT) Muringura (NT) Murngin (NT) Murunitja (WA) Muthimuthi (NSW) Mutjati (QLD) Mutpura (NT) Mutumui (QLD) Nakako (WA) Nakara (NT) Nana (WA) Nanda (WA) Nangatadjara (WA) Nangatara (WA) Nanggikorongo (NT) Nanggumiri (NT) Nangiblerbi (NT) Nango (NT) Narangga (SA) Narinari (NSW) Naualko (NSW) Nauo (SA) Nawagi (QLD) Ngadadjara (WA) Ngadjunmaia (WA) Ngadjuri (SA) Ngaiawang (SA) Ngaiawongga (WA) Ngaku (NSW) Ngalakan (NT) Ngalea (SA) Ngalia (NT) Ngaliwuru (NT) Ngaluma (WA) Ngamba (NSW) Ngameni (SA) Ngandangara (QLD) Ngandi (NT) Nganguruku (SA) Ngarabal (NSW) Ngaralta (SA) Ngardi (NT) Ngarigo (NSW) Ngarinjin (WA) Ngarinman (NT) Ngarkat (SA) Ngarla (WA) Ngarlawongga (WA) Ngaro (QLD) Ngathokudi (QLD) Ngatjan (QLD) Ngaun (QLD) Ngawait (SA) Ngemba (NSW) Ngewin (NT) Nggamadi (QLD) Ngintait (SA) Ngoborindi (QLD) Ngolibardu (WA) Ngolokwangga (NT) Ngombal (WA) Ngormbur (NT) Ngugi (QLD) Ngulungbara (QLD) Ngunawal (NSW) Ngundjan (QLD) Ngurawola (QLD) Ngurelban (VIC) Nguri (QLD) Ngurlu (WA) Ngurunta (SA) Niabali (WA) Nimanburu (WA) Ninanu (WA) Njakinjaki (WA) Njamal (WA) Njangamarda (WA) Njikena (WA) Njulnjul (WA) Njunga (WA) Njuwathai (QLD) Noala (WA) Nokaan (WA) Norweilemil (NT) Nukunu (SA) Nunggubuju (NT) Nunukul (QLD) Oitbi (NT) Ola (WA) Olkolo (QLD) Ombila (QLD) Ongkarango (WA) Ongkomi (WA) Otati (QLD) Pakadji (QLD) Pandjima (WA) Pangerang (VIC) Pangkala (SA) Parundji (NSW) Peramangk (SA) Pibelmen (WA) Pilatapa (SA) Pindiini (WA) Pindjarup (WA) Pini (WA) Pintubi (NT) Pitapita (QLD) Pitjandjara (SA) Pitjara (QLD) Pongaponga (NT) Pontunj (QLD) Portaulun (SA) Potaruwutj (SA) Potidjara (WA) Punaba (WA) Puneitja (NT) Punthamara (QLD) Rakkaia (QLD) Ramindjeri (SA) Rembarunga (NT) Ringaringa (WA) Rungarungawa (QLD) Tagalag (QLD) Tagoman (NT) Taior (QLD) Talandji (WA) Tanganekald (SA) Targari (WA) Taribelang (QLD) Tatitati (VIC) Tatungalung (VIC) Taungurong (VIC) Tedei (WA) Tenma (WA) Tepiti (QLD) Tharawal (NSW) Thaua (NSW) Thereila (QLD) Tirari (SA) Tjalkadjara (WA) Tjapukai (QLD) Tjapwurong (VIC) Tjeraridjal (WA) Tjial (NT) Tjingli (NT) Tjongkandji (QLD) Tjuroro (WA) Tooinbal (NT) Totj (QLD) Tulua (QLD) Tunuvivi (NT) Ualarai (NSW) Ug'windjila (QLD) Umede (WA) Undanbi (QLD) Unjadi (QLD) Wadere (NT) Wadikali (NSW) Wadja (QLD) Wadjabangai (QLD) Wadjalang (QLD) Wadjari (WA) Wagoman (NT) Waigur (QLD) [not identified with any Tindale Tribe] Wailpi (SA) Wakabunga (QLD) Wakaja (NT) Wakaman (QLD) Wakara (QLD) Wakawaka (QLD) Waker-di (QLD) [not identified with any Tindale Tribe] Walangama (QLD) Walbanga (NSW) Walgalu (NSW) Waljen (WA) Walmadjari (WA) Walmbarddha [sic] (QLD) [not identified with any Tindale Tribe] Walmbarddha[sic] (QLD) [not identified with any Tindale Tribe] Walmbaria (QLD) Walpiri (NT) Walu (NT) Waluwara (QLD) Wambaia (NT) Wanamara (QLD) Wandandian (NSW) Wandarang (NT) Wandjira (NT) Wangan (QLD) Wanji (NT) Wanjiwalku (NSW) Wanjuru (QLD) Wanman (WA) Warakamai (QLD) Waramanga (NT) Wardal (WA) Wardaman (NT) Wardandi (WA) Wariangga (WA) Warkawarka (VIC) Warki (SA) Warmarar (WA) [not identified with any Tindale Tribe] Warrananooka (WA) [not identified with any Tindale Tribe] Warungu (QLD) Warwa (WA) Wathaurung (VIC) Watiwati (VIC) Watta (NT) Weilwan (NSW) Wembawemba (NSW) Wenamba (WA) Wenambal (WA) Weraerai (NSW) Weratjanja (WA) [not identified with any Tindale Tribe] Whadjuk (WA) Wiatunga (SA) [not identified with any Tindale Tribe] Widi (WA) Widjabal (NSW) Widjilg (NT) [not identified with any Tindale Tribe] Wiilman (WA) Wik- (QLD) Wik-kalkan (QLD) Wikampama (QLD) Wikapatja (QLD) Wikatinda (QLD) Wikepa (QLD) Wikianji (QLD) Wikmean (QLD) Wikmunkan (QLD) Wiknantjara (QLD) Wiknatanja (QLD) Wilawila (WA) Wilingura (NT) Wiljakali (NSW) Winduwinda (QLD) Wiradjuri (NSW) Wirangu (SA) Wirdinja (WA) Wiri (QLD) Wirngir (WA) Wodiwodi (NSW) Wogait (NT) Wongkadjera (QLD) Wongkamala (NT) Wongkanguru (SA) Wongkumara (QLD) Wonnarua (NSW) Worimi (NSW) Worora (WA) Wotjobaluk (VIC) Wudjari (WA) Wulbudji'bur (QLD) [not identified with any Tindale Tribe] Wulgurukaba (QLD) Wulili (QLD) Wulpura (QLD) Wulwulam (NT) Wunambal (WA) Wurango (NT) Wurundjeri (VIC) [about 613 groups] Fiji ---- Fijian (51%) (predominantly Melanesian with a Polynesian admixture) Indian (44%) [see INDIA] Kiribati -------- I-Kiribati Micronesian [21 inhabited islands; also Gilbertese language besides English] Marshall Islands ---------------- Marshallese Micronesian [two major Marshallese dialects from the Malayo-Polynesian family and Japanese in addition to English] [clans and lineages] Micronesia, Federated States of ------------------------------- Chuukese [Truk] Kapingamarangi Kosraean Mokilese Mortlockese Namonuito (Nomon Weite) Paafang Pingelapese Pohnpeian Puluwatese Ulithian Woleaian Yapese [Yap] [13 major ethnic groups] Nauru ----- Nauruan Micronesian (58%) Pacific Islander [other] (26%) Chinese (8%) [see CHINA] mixed European (8%) New Zealand (Aotearoa) --------------------- European New Zealander (74.5%) Maori [aboriginal New Zealander] (9.7%) (language is closely related to Hawai'ian] [see UNITED STATES] Palau ----- Palauan [Micronesian with Malayan and Melanesian admixtures] Papua New Guinea ---------------- [ Tok Pisin language is the Creole language of Papua New Guinea ] [related to Bisrama, a pidgin language spoken in Vanuatu] [over 819 groups/languages] 'Auhelawa Abaga [nearly extinct] Abasakur Abau Abu Adzera Aekyom Agarabi Agi Agob Aiklep Aiku Aimele Ainbai Aiome Aion Ak Akolet Akoye Akrukay Alamblak Alatil Alekano Ama Amaimon Amal Amanab Amara Ambulas Amele Ampeeli-Wojokeso Amto Anam Anamgura Andarum Andra-hus Anem Aneme Wake Angaatiha Angal Angal Enen Angal Heneng Angor Angoram Anjam Ankave Anor Anuki Ap Ma Apali Apalik Apos Arafundi Arammba Arapesh, Bumbita Arawum Are Ari Aribwaung Arifama-Miniafia Arop-Lokep Arop-Sissano Aruamu Aruek Aruop Asaro'o Asas Asat Atemble Aturu Au Aunalei Auwe Avau Awa Awad Bing Awar Awara Awiyaana Awtuw Awun Bagupi Bahinemo Baibai Baimak Bainapi Baluan-Pam Bamu Banaro Banoni Barai Baramu Bargam Bariai Bariji Barim Barok Baruga Baruya Bau Bauwaki Beami Bebeli Beli Bemal Benabena Bepour Biangai Biem Bikaru Biksi Bilakura Bilbil Bilur Bimin Binahari Binandere Bine Binumarien Bipi Bisis Bisorio Bitara Biwat Biyom Blafe Bo Boazi Bogaya Bohuai Boikin Bola Bongos Bongu Bonkiman Borei Bosilewa Bosngun Bragat Brem Breri Buang, Mangga Buang, Mapos Budibud Bugawac (Bukaua) Buhutu Buin Bukiyip Bulgebi Bulu Bun Buna Bunama Bungain Burui Burum-mindik Busa Bwaidoka Bwanabwana Chambri Changriwa Chenapian Chuave Dadibi Daga Dambi Danaru Dano Daonda Dawawa Dedua Degenan Dengalu Dia Dimir Diodio Dobu Doga Dom Domu Domung Doromu Doso Doura Duau Duduela Dumpu Dumun Duna Duwet Edolo Eitiep Eivo Elepi Elkei Elu Enga Erave Ere Ewage-Notu Faita Faiwol Fas Fasu Fembe Finungwa Fiwaga Foi Folopa Forak Fore Fuyug Gabutamon Gadsup Gaikundi Gaina Gal Galeya Ganglau Gants Gapapaiwa Garus Gasmata Gedaged Gende Getmata Ghayavi Gidra Gimi [I] Gimi [II] Ginuman Gira Girawa Gitua Gizra Gnau Gobasi Gogodala Golin Gorakor Gorovu Guhu-samane Guirak Gumalu Gumawana Guntai Guramalum Guriaso Gusan Gwahatike Gweda Hahon Haigwai Hakö Halia Hamtai Hanga Hundi Haruai Hewa Hinihon Hote Hula Huli Humene Iamalele Iatmul Idi Iduna Igana Igom Ikobi-mena Imbongu Imonda Inapang Inoke-yate Ipiko Ipili Isabi Isebe Iteri Itutang Iwal Iwam Iwam, Sepik Jilim Jimajima Kabadi Kaian Kaiep Kairak Kairiru Kakabai Kaki Ae Kalam Kalou Kaluli Kamano Kamasa Kamasau Kambaira Kamberataro Kamula Kanasi Kandas Kandawo Kaningra Kanite Kanuma, Sota Kapin Kapriman Kara Karawa Kare Karkar-Yuri Karore Kasua Kă,te (Kai) Kaulong Kawacha Kela Kele Kenati Keopara Kereaka Kerewo Kesawai Keuru Kewa [East] Kewa [West] Keyagana Khehek Kibiri Kilivila Kilmeri Kinalakna Kire Kis Kiwai [Northeast] Kiwai [Southern] Kobon Koguman Koiali [Mountain] Koiari [Grass] Koitabu Koiwat Kol Kolom Koluawawa Komba Kombio Kominimung Komutu Konai Konomala Kopar Korafe Korak Koro Koromira Kosena Kosorong Kovai Kove Kowaki Krisa Kuanua Kube Kubo Kumalu Kuman Kumukio Kuni Kunimaipa Kunja Kuot Kurti Kwato Kwoma Kwomtari Kyaka Kyenele Label Labu Laeko-Libuat Lak Lamogai Langam Lantanai Laua Lavatbura-Lamusong Leipon Lele Lembena Lemio Lenkau Lesing-Gelimi Lewada-Dewara Lihir Likum Lilau Loniu Lote Lou Lukep Lusi Madak Magori Maia Maiadom Maiani Mailu Maisin Maiwa Maiwala Makolkol Mala Malalamai Malas Malasanga Male Maleu-Kilenge Mali Malinguat Malol Mamaa Mamusi Managalasi Manam Manambu Mandara Mandi Mandobo Manem Mangseng Mape Mapena Maramba Mari [I] Mari [II] Mari [III] Maria Marik Maring Matepi Mato Matukar Mauwake Mawak Mawan Mbo-Ung Mbula Mebu Medebur Mehek Mekeo Mekmek Melpa Mende Mengen Menya Meramera Mese~ Mian Miani Migabac Minanibai Minaveha Mindiri Minigir Misima-Paneati Miu Moere Moikodi Mokerang Molima Momare Mondropolon Mongol [not same as Asian Mongols] Monumbo Morawa Moresada Morigi Mosimo Motu Motu, Hiri Mouk-Aria Muduapa Mufian Mum Mumeng Munit Muniwara Munkip Murik Murupi Musak Musan Musar Musom Mussau-Emira Mutu Mutum Muyuw Mwatebu Naasioi Nabak Nabi Nafi Nagovisi Nahu Nai Nakama Nakanai Nake Nakwi Nali Nalik Nambu Namia Nankina Nara Narak Nauna Nawaru Nehan Nek Nekgini Neiko Nend Nete Ngaing Ngala Ngalum Nii Niksek Nimi Nimo [as seen above] Nimoa Ningera Ninggerum Ningil Nobanob Nomane Nomu Notsi Nuguria Nuk Nukumanu Numanggang Numbami Nyindrou Odoodee Ogea Oksapmin Olo Omati Ömie Omwundra-Toqura Onjab Ono Onobasulu Ontenu Opao Orokaiva Orokolo Oune Owenia Owinga Oya'oya Pagi Pahi Pak-tong Panim Papapana Papi Papitalai Parawen Pare Pasi Patep Patpatar Pawaia Paynamar Pei Pele-ata Penchal Petats Piame Pinai-Hagahai Piu Piva Ponam Pouye Psohoh Puari Pulabu Purari Pyu Qaqet Ramoaaina Rao Rapoisi Rapting Rawa Rawo Rema Rempi Rerau Rocky Peak [English word] Romkun Ronji Roro Rotokas Rumu Saep Sakam Saliba Salt-yui Samberigi Samo Samosa Saniyo-hiyewe Saposa Saruga Sauk Sausi Seimat Selepet Sene Sengo Sengseng Sepa Sepen Sera Seta Setaman Seti Sewa Bay [English word] Duau Pwata Sialum Siane Sihan Sileibi Siliput Silopi Simbali Simbari Simeku Sinagen Sinasina Sinaugoro Sinsauru Sio Siroi Sissano Siwai Solong Solos Som Songum Sonia Sori-harengan Sowanda Suarmin Suau Sudest Suena Suganga Suki Sulka Sumariup Sumau Sursurunga Susuami Tabriak Tai [not the Tai of SE Asia] Taiap Tainae Tairora Tairuma Tais Takia Takuu Tami Tangga Tanggu Tanguat Tao-suamato Tauade Taulil-Butam Taupota Tauya Tawala Telefol Tenis Teop Terebu Tiang Tifal Tigak Timbe Tinputz Tirio Titan Toaripi Tobo Tokano Tomoip Torau "Torricelli" Tuma-Iramu Tumleo Tungag Turaka Tuwari Uare Ubir Ufim Uisai Ukuriguma Ulau-suain Umanakaina Umbu-Ungu Umeda Uneapa Ura Urapmin Urat Uri Urigina Urim Urimo Usan Usarufa Usino Utarmbung Utu Uya Valman Vanimo Vehes Wa'ema Wab Wabuda Wadaginam Waffa Wagawaga Wagi Wahgi Wahgi [North] Walio Wamas Wampar [I] Wampar [II] Wampur Wamsak Wanambre Wanap Wanib Wantoat Wára Warapu Waris Waruna Wasambu Wasembo Waskia Watakataui Wataluma Watam Watut [Middle] Watut [North] Watut [South] Wedau Weliki Were Weri Wiaki Wiru Wogamusin Wogeo Wom Wutung Wuvalu-aua Yabem Yaben Yabong Yagaria Yagomi Yagwoia Yahang Yakaikeke Yakamul Yale Yamap Yambes Yangulam Yapunda Yarawata Yareba Yau [I] Yau [II] Yaweyuha Yawiyo Yei Yekora Yele Yelogu Yerakai Yessan-mayo Yil Yimas Yis Yoidik Yongkom Yopno Yubanakor Zenag Zia Zimakani Samoa ----- Samoan (92.6%) Euronesian (7%) [persons of European and Polynesian blood] Solomon Islands --------------- Province Key: [CEN] Central [CHO] Choiseul [GDC] Guadalcanal [ISA] Isabel [MU] Makira/Ulawa [MAL] Malaita [RB] Rennell and Belona [TEM] Temotu [WES] Western 'Are'Are 'Are'Are [MAL] Agufi Fagani [MAL] Alu Mono [WES] Amba Amba [TEM] Anuta Anuta [TEM] Aola Lengo [GDC] Arosi Arosi [MAL] Asumboa Asumboa [TEM] Avasö Babatana [CHO] Ayiwo Ayiwo [TEM] Babatana Babatana [CHO] Baeggu (Baegu) Baeggu [MAL] Baelelea Baelelea [MAL] Baniata Baniata [CEN] Bareke Vangunu [WES] Bauro Bauro [MAL] Bilua Bilua [CEN] Birao Birao [GDC] Blablanga (Bablanga) Blablanga [ISA] Bughotu (Bugotu) Bughotu [ISA] Cheke Holo Cheke Holo [ISA] Dori'o Dori'o [MAL] Duke Duke [WES] Fagani Fagani [MAL] Fataleka (Fataleke) Fataleka [MAL] Fauro Mono [WES] Gao Gao [ISA] Gela Gela [CEN] Ghaimuta Lengo [GDC] Ghanongga Ghanongga [WES] Ghari Ghari [GDC] Ghone Varisi [CHO] Gula'alaa Gula'alaa [MAL] Hageulu Bughotu [ISA] Haununu Bauro [MAL] Hoava Hoava [WES] Hograno Cheke Holo [ISA] Kahua Kahua [MAL] Katazi Babatana [CHO] Kokota Kokota [ISA] Koo Talise [GDC] Kuboro Babatana [CHO] Kusaghe Kusaghe [WES] Kwaio Kwaio [MAL] Kwara'ae Kwara'ae [MAL] Lömaumbi Babatana [CHO] Langalanga Langalanga [MAL] Lau Lau [MAL] Lavukaleve Lavukaleve [CEN] Lengo Lengo [GDC] Londai Santa Cruz Natögu [TEM] Longgu Longgu [GDC] Luangiua Ontong Java [MAL] Lungga Lungga [WES] Lvova Santa Cruz Natögu [TEM] Malagheti Talise [GDC] Malango Malango [GDC] Marau 'Are'Are [MAL] Maringe Cheke Holo [ISA] Marovo Marovo [WES] Matema Pileni [TEM] Mbaniata Touo [?] Mbanua Santa Cruz Natögu [TEM] Moli Talise [GDC] Mono Mono [WES] Mugaba Rennell [RB] Mungiki Rennell [RB] Nanggu Nanggu [TEM] Ndai Lau [MAL] Ndeni Santa Cruz Natögu [TEM] Nea Santa Cruz Natögu [TEM] Ngaria Ghari [GDC] Ngeri Ghari [GDC] Nggai Ghari [GDC] Nginia Ghari [GDC] Nooli Santa Cruz Natögu [TEM] Nupaku Pileni [TEM] Nupani Pileni [TEM] Oroha Oroha [MAL] Paripao Lengo [GDC] Pelau Ontong Java [MAL] Pileni Pileni [TEM] Poleo Talise [GDC] Rawo Bauro [MAL] Rennell Rennell [RB] Rihu'a Fagani [MAL] Ririo Ririo [CHO] Roviana Roviana [WES] Santa Ana (Owa Raha) Santa Ana [MU] Santa Catalina [Owa Riki] Kahua [MAL] Savosavo Savosavo [CEN] Senga Babatana [CHO] Sengga Babatana [CHO] Sikaiana Sikaiana [CEN] Simbo Simbo [WES] Sisingga Babatana [CHO] Suafa Lau [MAL] Tabulehu Tabulehu [GDC] Talise Talise [GDC] Tanema (extinct) [TEM] Tanimbili Tanimbili [TEM] Taumako Pileni [TEM] Tawarafa Kahua [MAL] Te Motu Santa Cruz Natögu [TEM] Teanu Teanu [TEM] Tikopia Tikopia [TEM] To'abaita (Tobaita) To'abaita [MAL] Tolo Talise [GDC] Ughele Ughele [WES] Uki Ni Masi [Ugi] Sa'a [MAL] Ulawa Sa'a [MAL] Vaghua Vaghua [CHO] Vangunu Vangunu [WES] Vano (extinct) [TEM] Varisi Varisi [CHO] Vaturanga Ghari (Ndi) [GDC] Vulava Bughotu [ISA] Wango Arosi [MAL] Zabana Zabana [ISA] Zazao Zazao [ISA] [120 ethnic groups] Tonga ----- Tongan Polynesian [tribes before 1700s] Vanuatu ------- Ahamb Axamb Akei, Tasikiri Akei Ambae, East Ambae, East Ambae, West, Opa Ambae, West Amblong Amblong Ambrym Islanders, North Ambrym, North Ambrym, Southeast Ambrym, Southeast Aneityumese, Aneiteum Aneityum Araki Araki Aulua Bay Aulua Baetora, Nasawa Baetora Baiap, South Ambrym Dakaka Baki Baki Bierebo Bierebo Bieri, Bieria Bieria Big Nambas Nambas, Big Burmbar, Vartavo Burmbar Butmas-Tur Butmas-tur Dixon Reef Dixon Reef Duindui Ambae, West Efate, Northern Efate, North Efate, Southern Efate, South Emae, Mae Emae Erromangan, Sie Sie Eton Eton Fortsenal Fortsenal Hano, Lamalanga Hano Katbol Katbol Koro Koro Kwamera Kwamera Lakon Lakona Lamenu Lamenu Lametin Merei Larevat Larevat Lehali, Teqel Lehali Lehalurup Lehalurup Lelepa Lelepa Lenakel Lenakel Letemboi, Small Nambas Letemboi Lingarak, Bushman's Bay Lingarak Litzlitz-Visele Litzlitz Lonwolwol Lonwolwol Lorediakarkar Lorediakarkar Mae Mae Maewo, Central Maewo, Central Mafea Mafea Maii, Mafilau Maii Malmariv Tiale Malo, Ataripoe Malo Malua Bay, Middle Nambas Malua Bay Maragus Maragus Marino, Big Bay Marino Maskelyne Islander Maskelynes Mele-Fila Mele-Fila Merelava-Merig Merlav Mewun, Labo Labo Moruas, Vetumboso Morouas Mosin Mosina Mota Mota Motalava, Motlav Motlav Mpotovoro Mpotovoro Namakura Namakura Napuanmen Tannese Whitesands Narango Narango Nasarian Nasarian Navut Navut Nokuku Nokuku Nume Nume Orierh Malfaxal Paama Paama Piamatsina Piamatsina Polonombauk Polonombauk Port Sandwich Port Sandwich Port Vato Port Vato Raga, Central Apma Repanbitip Repanbitip Rerep Rerep Roroia Roria Sa Sa Sakau Sakao Seke Seke Shark Bay Shark Bay Sinesip, South West Bay South West Bay Sowa Sowa Tambotalo Tambotalo Tana, North Tanna, North Tana, Southwest Tanna, Southwest Tangoa Tangoa Tasiko, Lewo Lewo Tasmate Tasmate Tolomako Tolomako Toman Islander, Malvaxal Malfaxal Tooga, Southern Torres Islander Toga Torres Islander, Northern Hiw Tutuba Tutuba Unua Unua Ura Ura Uripiv-Atchin Uripiv-Wala-Rano-Atchin Valpei Valpei Vao Vao Varsu, Lewo Lewo Vatrata, Vanua Lava Vatrata Vinmavis Vinmavis Vunapu Vunapu Wailapa Wailapa Wetamut Wetamut Wusi Wusi [107 indigenous ethnic groups] French Ni-Vanuatu